Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Abbreviations
Section I: Long COVID syndrome
Chapter 1: Coronavirus disease
Introduction
Aetiology
Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Delta variant
Omicron variant (PANGO lineage B.1.1.529)
Key Points
References
Chapter 2: What is long COVID syndrome?
Introduction
Presentation of long COVID syndrome
Health impact of long COVID syndrome
Definition of long COVID syndrome
Recognising and managing long COVID syndrome
Key Points
References
Chapter 3: Epidemiology of long COVID syndrome Introduction
Prevalence in the United Kingdom
Prevalence after hospital discharge in the UK
Prevalence in other countries
Demographics
Predictors and risk factors
Key Points
References
Chapter 4: Aetiopathogenesis of long COVID syndrome
Introduction
Long-term immunological changes
Post-intensive care syndrome
Persistent inflammation
Vascular and autonomic nervous systems
Pulmonary fibrosis
Organ damage
Psychosocial factors
Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Energy substrate depletion
Cellular changes
Key Points Lessons learnt from past experience: SARS outbreak
Critical care neuropathy
Critical care myopathy
Prone positioning in intensive care to improve oxygenation
Chronic pain after COVID-19-related intensive care admission
Key Points
References
Chapter 7: Risk factors for developing long COVID syndrome
Introduction
Type and number of symptoms in early infection
Illness severity during acute infection
Age
Gender
Socioeconomic status
High body mass index
Other systemic illnesses associated with long COVID syndrome
Prediction models of long COVID syndrome Long COVID syndrome and symptom relapse
Key Points
References
Chapter 8: Effects of long COVID syndrome on economy and society
Introduction
'Long economic COVID'
Costs due to mental health impairment
Costs due to disruption of children's education
Costs on vital social issues
Costs due to job losses
Burden of long COVID syndrome
Delayed care and associated costs
Impact of abnormal sense of smell in long COVID syndrome
Costs due to COVID-induced disability
Challenges in estimating costs
Tackling long COVID syndrome in the UK's National Health Service

This book will be useful to all frontline healthcare professionals to help diagnose, manage and direct patients to the available resources. General practitioners, physiotherapists, pain therapists, nurses, surgeons, physicians, junior doctors, psychologists, medical students and other clinicians will be able to update their knowledge on long COVID syndrome with this easy to read book. Patients will also find the book useful to understand the basis of the disease and how they can seek help